Trains have played a significant role in California's transportation system since 1855, when the Sacramento Valley Railroad first opened between the Sacramento waterfront and the city of Folsom. Soon thereafter, rail lines were extended up and down the Sacramento - San Joaquin Valley and into the Sierra foothills, making the critical connection between mines, farms and factories.

Today, Amtrak California's San Joaquin trains and Thruway Motor coaches, the product of a partnership between the country's national rail passenger system and the State of California, extended almost the entire length of California. Patterned after the Santa Fe Railway's Golden Gate trains introduced in 1938, and operating primarily over the tracks of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) Railroad, the San Joaquin trains are the backbone of a transportation network that extends, via coordinated motor coach, to communities throughout the state.

As just noted, for most of their runs the San Joaquin trains use the main line of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad. This line was constructed from Stockton to Bakersfield between 1895 and 1898 by the San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley (SF&SJV) Railroad, a company organized by local valley interests to provide competition to Southern Pacific's line down the Valley. Once it was completed, the SF&SJV was purchased by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in December 1898. The Santa Fe extended the line west into the Bay Area, reaching Richmond in 1900 and Emeryville in 1904. In 1995, the Santa Fe merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad to form today's BNSF. Amtrak, however, uses Union Pacific (formerly Southern Pacific) tracks to serve Bay Area stations from Oakland to Martinez, and to reach Sacramento.

Does your train look as if it's going "backwards"?
If it goes, it's because the train is operating in "push" mode, with the locomotive at the rear of the train, pushing instead of pulling. In this direction the locomotive engineer controls the train from an operating compartment at the front of the first coach (also known as a "cab car"). Although not a necessity on the San Joaquins (like it is on some other corridors), operating in "push-pull" style can simplify operational procedures in Bakersfield, since the train doesn't have to be physically turned around for its return to Oakland.

How does the locomotive engineer know the location of other trains before he sees them?
The Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) system allows the dispatcher to control hundreds of miles of train traffic from one remote location. The engineer operates the train in accordance with the signals set by the dispatcher, and the crew can communicate with the dispatcher by radio if necessary.

Oakland's Jack London Square Amtrak Station opened in 1995. The station honors the vice-president and founder of the Sleeping Car Porter's Union, C.L. Dellums.

JACK LONDON SQUARE Popular Jack London Square is located across the tracks from the Oakland station. The square is named after author Jack London and houses many interesting shops, restaurants and hotels, plus a Jack London Museum.

The Jack London Square area offers easy access to ferry rides across San Francisco Bay and to the Alameda - Contra Costa Transit bus system. Always a popular destination in the Oakland area is the Oakland Museum, with fascinating exhibits on the art, natural history and history of California. The Museum can be reached from the station via AC Transit.

In 1938 the Santa Fe began operating motor coaches across the then-new Bay Bridge to carry passengers between its downtown San Francisco terminal and train side in Emeryville, replacing its San Francisco - Richmond ferry boats (Southern Pacific did not replace its ferries with motor coaches until 1957). At the same time Santa Fe also introduced the forerunner of today's coordinated rail - bus service between San Francisco and Los Angeles: the Golden Gate streamliners between Emeryville and Bakersfield with railroad operated motor coaches from Bakersfield to Los Angeles as well as across the Bay Bridge.

The Emeryville Station was constructed by the City of Emeryville after 1989 Loama Prieta earthquake forced Amtrak to abandon Southern Pacific's historic Sixteenth Street Station in Oakland. This is the transfer point for passengers traveling to and from San Francisco on Amtrak's special Thruway motor coach shuttle.

The name "Berkeley" was chosen by the committee that selected the site for the first campus of the University of California. The name pays homage to Bishop George Berkeley, who wrote the famous stanza that begins, "Westward the course of empire takes its way..." The campus is east of the tracks, at the base of the hills.

The city of Richmond takes its name from nearby Point Richmond, which in turn was named for Richmond, Virginia, birthplace of Edmund Randolph, who represented San Francisco at the first session of the California legislature at San Jose in 1849.

Richmond's deep water port and rail connections provide excellent shipping terminals for many oil refineries in the surrounding area. It was a major ship yard center in World War II, building 20% of the Liberty ships (freighters) used during the war; by adapting assembly - line techniques, a ship could be built in only 48.5 days.

THE TUNNEL Between Richmond and Crockett is Tunnel Number One. At 604 feet long, it is the only tunnel on the San Joaquin route.

CROCKETT At Crockett, Interstate Highway 80 passes far overhead on the twin Carquinez Bridges. These two bridges are among the longest of their type in the world. The original cantilever span opened in 1927. Though built by a private company, it soon became part of the State's highway system. The second span (on the left when facing the water) was added in the 1950's.
Across the Carquinez Strait to the left, almost underneath the bridges, are the buildings of the California Maritime Academy. The Academy's training ship Golden Bear can sometimes be seen tied up there.

Just beyond the Carquinez Bridge, Crockett's most famous feature, the massive California and Hawaii (C & H) Sugar Company refinery, extends for some distance along the left side of the tracks. The oldest buildings in the complex were built in the 1880's as a flour mill. Special tankers carry raw cane sugar to the refinery from Hawaii for processing. Once refined, the sugar is shipped to market by rail and truck.

PORT COSTA The town of Port Costa can be glimpsed on the right a few minutes after passing through Crockett. Port Costa was once a major ferry terminal for the Southern Pacific Railroad. Entire trains were carried across the Carquinez Strait on immense ferryboats which held up to 48 cars and one locomotive per voyage. Before the Benicia Martinez bridge was constructed, Port Costa was where the San Joaquin Valley line separated from the "Overland Route."

In the late nineteenth century Port Costa was also one of the busiest wheat shipping ports in the world, as grain from California's great Central Valley was brought here by train and loaded into ocean - going ships for distribution around the world. The vast maze of pilings sticking out of the water on the left are the only remnant of Port Costa's once extensive waterfront facilities.

Martinez was the residence of famed naturalist John Muir from 1890 until his death in 1914. Many of his writings were penned in the "scribble den" of the house, which was declared the John Muir National Historic Site in 1964. It is open daily to visitors and is easily reached by local transit.

Martinez is the transfer point for Amtrak Thruway connecting motor coaches to Marine World Africa USA, Napa, Santa Rosa and Redwood Empire points as far north as Eureka/Arcata. At Martinez travelers can also connect with long distance Amtrak trains to the East and Pacific Northwest.

At Martinez the San Joaquins leave the "Overland Route" and head down Union Pacific Railroad's "Mococo Line" toward a connection with the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad at Port Chicago.

THE MOTHBALL FLEET Prominent in Suisun Bay, and visible in the distance on the left, is the "mothball fleet" of retired U.S. Navy ships. Dating back as far as World War II, the ships are stored here because the low salinity of the water resists the accumulation of barnacles on ships hulls. Northbound passengers also get their first look at the Benicia - Martinez Bridge (see above) beyond the fleet.

SAN JOAQUIN RIVER DELTA Twelve miles after leaving Antioch, the tracks curve to the left and head due east across the Delta of the San Joaquin River. The Delta is a region of channels, sloughs, marshes and below-sea-level islands ringed by high levees. The islands contain some of the richest farmland in the country, and the entire region teems with wildlife.

The huge pipes parallel to the tracks on the right side of the train belong to the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD). They carry fresh water from the Sierras to the urban communities of the Bay Area.

ORWOOD At Orwood the San Joaquins cross the Old Rover (a former channel of the San Joaquin River) on the only regularly operating drawbridge along the route. Trains occasionally have to wait as the bridge is opened for recreational boats on the river.

Several prominent Stockton residents were involved in the organization of the San Francisco and San Joaquin Valley Railroad, and construction of what is now the BNSF main line began in Stockton on the shores of Mormon Slough in the summer of 1895. The present station building (on the left side of the train) was constructed in 1900, shortly after Santa Fe acquired ownership of the line. It is the second oldest station building still in use on the route.

Trains to and from Sacramento (see above) do not stop at this station, as the Sacramento route diverges from the BNSF main line about a mile to the east (toward Bakersfield). The Sacramento trains stop in Stockton at the unstaffed ACE commuter train station, which is located adjacent to the former Southern Pacific station building about a mile north of the junction.

ESCALON Escalon is the Spanish word for "step or steeping stone." The town was supposedly so named by its founder James W. Jones because he liked the sound of the word.

Modesto, the seat of Stanislaus County, is the third-largest city in the San Joaquin Valley. Although the original SF&SJV route passed by to the east of the city, Modesto has grown rapidly in recent years, and its boundaries have expanded to include a portion of the BNSF main line. On October 31, 1999, the City opened a new full-service Amtrak station in a developing suburban area northeast of downtown. Financed jointly by the City and the State, this striking facility features spacious public areas, modern amenities and ample parking. It is also served by the Modesto transit system.

EMPIRE The community of Empire was once the head of navigation on the Tuolumne River and the seat of Stanislaus County, but it was overshadowed by nearby Modesto after the Central Pacific established the latter town in 1870. Empire later became Santa Fe's station Modesto, and the interurban Modesto and Empire Traction (M&ET) was built to connect the two towns.

Now known as Modesto-Empire Junction on the railroad, Empire is a major freight hub for the BNSF. A large, modern inter modal terminal can be seen on the right, and the M&ET provides a significant amount of inter-change traffic to and from industries in the area.

The unincorporated community of Denair developed around the siding on the Santa Fe line that was nearest to Turlock. It was named for John Denair, former Santa Fe Division Superintendent at Needles, who purchased to the town site in 1906, shortly after his retirement.

MERCED RIVER A pair of sweeping curves and a broad lush flood plain mark the BNSF line's crossing of the Merced River.

This is a marked contrast to the canyon-like crossings of the other major rivers flowing out of the central Sierras. Captain Gabriel Moraga named the river for the Virgin Mary ("our lady of Mercy") because of the relief it provided his exploring party after crossing forty miles of arid country.

The Santa Fe main line was built slightly to east of Madera, which was served by a short spur line running west (right) from the location of the present unstaffed Amtrak station.

The newest suburban developments in Fresno start appearing just after crossing the San Joaquin River, while downtown is still about ten miles ahead. Closer in, the trains pass through the campus of Fresno City College, then for the last mile to the station they run right down the edge of city streets. The large modern building on the right just before arriving at the station is Fresno's new City Hall, opened in 1991.

Fresno became Santa Fe's Valley Division headquarters in 1905. The passenger station constructed at that time was converted to office use prior to the institution of Amtrak service in the San Joaquin Valley in 1974, so Amtrak uses the first floor of the former freight office building. Fresno is the busiest stop on the San Joaquins, and the city is planning to build a new station immediately to the south of the existing buildings.

CALWA BNSF's major Fresno yard and terminal facilities (visible on the right) are located south of downtown at a place identified as Calwa. The name is actually an acronym for the California Wine Association, a major industrial organization at the time the line was built.

Calwa is the actual dividing point between today's Bakersfield and Stockton Subdivisions; and the former branch lines to Visalia and Porterville, now operated by short line San Joaquin Valley Railroad, diverge to the left just beyond the station building (also on the left). Although not a passenger stop, the San Joaquins do occasionally pause here for operational reasons.

Corcoran was established as an unstaffed San Joaquin stop in 1989. In 1999 a new station building, constructed by the City in the style of the former Santa Fe station, replaced the original passenger shelter.

Bakersfield in the second largest city in the San Joaquin Valley and the seat of Kern County. It was named for Colonel Thomas Baker who entered the Valley in 1865. The name derives from "Baker's Field," referring to an early horse quartering and feeding station.

The Bakersfield station complex, which include a Harvey House and extensive bus transfer facilities, was torn down after the end of Santa Fe passenger service in 1971. When Amtrak reestablished Valley passenger service in 1974, a temporary trailer was set up as a ticket office. The present station building was constructed by the State in 1985. The City of Bakersfield is constructing a new multi-modal passenger terminal about a mile to the east, adjacent to their Convention Center. It is scheduled to open in July, 2000. (TrainWeb Editor's Note: The new Bakersfield station opened without a hitch on July 4, 2000.)